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An Introduction to Thermal Physics
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An Introduction to Thermal Physics Daniel V. Schroeder Department of Physics Weber State University  Part I: Fundamentals Chapter 1: Energy in Thermal Physics 1.1 Thermal Equilibrium 1.2 The Ideal Gas Microscopic Model of an Ideal Gas 1.3 Equipartition of Energy 1.4 Heat and Work 1.5 Compression Work Compression of an Ideal Gas [problems] 1.6 Heat Capacities Latent Heat; Enthalpy 1.7 Rates of Processes Heat Conduction; Conductivity of an Ideal Gas; Viscosity; Diffusion Chapter 2: The Second Law 2.1 Two-State Systems The Two-State Paramagnet 2.2 The Einstein Model of a Solid 2.3 Interacting Systems 2.4 Large Systems Very Large Numbers; Stirling's Approximation; Multiplicity of a Large Einstein Solid; Sharpness of the Multiplicity Function 2.5 The Ideal Gas Multiplicity of a Monatomic Ideal Gas; Interacting Ideal Gases 2.6 Entropy Entropy of an Ideal Gas; Entropy of Mixing; Reversible and Irreversible Processes Chapter 3: Interactions and Implications 3.1 Temperature A Silly Analogy; Real-World Examples 3.2 Entropy and Heat Predicting Heat Capacities; Measuring Entropies; The Macroscopic View of Entropy 3.3 Paramagnetism Notation and Microscopic Physics; Numerical Solution; Analytic Solution 3.4 Mechanical Equilibrium and Pressure The Thermodynamic Identity; Entropy and Heat Revisited 3.5 Diffusive Equilibrium and Chemical Potential 3.6 Summary and a Look Ahead Part II: Thermodynamics Chapter 4: Engines and Refrigerators 4.1 Heat Engines The Carnot Cycle 4.2 Refrigerators 4.3 Real Heat Engines Internal Combustion Engines; The Steam Engine 4.4 Real Refrigerators The Throttling Process; Liquefaction of Gases; Toward Absolute Zero Chapter 5: Free Energy and Chemical Thermodynamics 5.1 Free Energy as Available Work Electrolysis, Fuel Cells, and Batteries; Thermodynamic Identities 5.2 Free Energy as a Force toward Equilibrium Extensive and Intensive Quantities; Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential 5.3 Phase Transformations of Pure Substances Diamonds and Graphite; The Clausius-Clapeyron Relation; The van der Waals Model 5.4 Phase Transformations of Mixtures Free Energy of a Mixture; Phase Changes of a Miscible Mixture; Phase Changes of a Eutectic System 5.5 Dilute Solutions Solvent and Solute Chemical Potentials; Osmotic Pressure; Boiling and Freezing Points 5.6 Chemical Equilibrium Nitrogen Fixation; Dissociation of Water; Oxygen Dissolving in Water; Ionization of Hydrogen Part III: Statistical Mechanics Chapter 6: Boltzmann Statistics 6.1 The Boltzmann Factor The Partition Function; Thermal Excitation of Atoms 6.2 Average Values Paramagnetism; Rotation of Diatomic Molecules 6.3 The Equipartition Theorem 6.4 The Maxwell Speed Distribution 6.5 Partition Functions and Free Energy 6.6 Partition Functions for Composite Systems 6.7 Ideal Gas Revisited The Partition Function; Predictions Chapter 7: Quantum Statistics 7.1 The Gibbs Factor An Example: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 7.2 Bosons and Fermions The Distribution Functions 7.3 Degenerate Fermi Gases Zero Temperature; Small Nonzero Temperatures; The Density of States; The Sommerfeld Expansion 7.4 Blackbody Radiation The Ultraviolet Catastrophe; The Planck Distribution; Photons; Summing over Modes; The Planck Spectrum; Total Energy; Entropy of a Photon Gas; The Cosmic Background Radiation; Photons Escaping through a Hole; Radiation from Other Objects; The Sun and the Earth 7.5 Debye Theory of Solids 7.6 Bose-Einstein Condensation Real-World Examples; Why Does it Happen? Chapter 8: Systems of Interacting Particles 8.1 Weakly Interacting Gases The Partition Function; The Cluster Expansion; The Second Virial Coefficient 8.2 The Ising Model of a Ferromagnet Exact Solution in One Dimension; The Mean Field Approximation; Monte Carlo Simulation * * * Appendix A: Elements of Quantum Mechanics A.1 Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality The Photoelectric Effect; Electron Diffraction A.2 Wavefunctions The Uncertainty Principle; Linearly Independent Wavefunctions A.3 Definite-Energy Wavefunctions The Particle in a Box; The Harmonic Oscillator; The Hydrogen Atom A.4 Angular Momentum Rotating Molecules; Spin A.5 Systems of Many Particles A.6 Quantum Field Theory Appendix B: Mathematical Results B.1 Gaussian Integrals B.2 The Gamma Function B.3 Stirling's Approximation B.4 Area of a d-Dimensional Hypersphere B.5 Integrals of Quantum Statistics Suggested Reading Reference Data Index |
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