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Computational Materials Science: From Basic Principles to Material Properties
by Wofram Hergert (Editor), Arthur Ernst (Editor), Markus Däne (Editor)
Hardcover: 320 pages
Publisher: Springer; 2004 edition (April 29 2004)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 3540210512
ISBN-13: 978-3540210511

About this book
     This book concentrates on the calculation of materials properties starting from microscopic theories and focusses on the application of computational methods in new fields of research, such as nanotechnology, spintronics and photonics, which will provide the foundation for important technological advances in the future. Methods such as electronic structure calculations, molecular dynamics simulations and beyond are presented, the discussion extending from the basics to the latest applications.

Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Part I Basic Description of Electrons and Photons
in Crystals
2 The Essentials of Density Functional Theory
and the Full-Potential Local-Orbital Approach
H. Eschrig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Density Functional Theory in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Full-Potential Local-Orbital Band Structure Scheme (FPLO) . . . 11
2.2.1 The Local Orbital Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 Partitioning of Unity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.3 Density and Potential Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.4 Basis Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.5 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.6 Comparison of Results from FPLO and WIEN97 . . . . . . . . 19
3 Methods for Band Structure Calculations in Solids
A. Ernst, M. L¡§uders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1 The Green¡¯s Function and the Many-Body Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.1 General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.2 Quasi-Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.3 Self-Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.4 Kohn-Sham Approximation for the Self-Energy. . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 Methods of Solving the Kohn-Sham Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3 GW Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 A Solid-State Theoretical Approach
to the Optical Properties of Photonic Crystals
K. Busch, F. Hagmann, D. Hermann, S.F. Mingaleev, M. Schillinger . 55
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 Photonic Bandstructure Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3 Defect Structures in Photonic Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3.1 Maximally Localized Photonic Wannier Functions . . . . . . . 60
4.3.2 Defect Structures via Wannier Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
VIII Table of Contents
4.3.3 Localized Cavity Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3.4 Dispersion Relations of Waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.3.5 Photonic Crystal Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 Finite Photonic Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5 Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5 Simulation of Active
and Nonlinear Photonic Nano-Materials
in the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Framework
A. Klaedtke, J. Hamm, O. Hess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2 Finite-Difference in Time-Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 Uniaxial Perfectly Matching Layers (UPML) Boundary Conditions 80
5.4 Time-Domain Full Vectorial Maxwell-Bloch Equations . . . . . . . . . 87
5.5 Computational Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.6 Test Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.7 Microdisk Laser Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Appendix A: Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6 Symmetry Properties
of Electronic and Photonic Band Structures
W. Hergert, M. D¡§ane, D. K¡§odderitzsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.2 Group Theory Packages for Computer Algebra Systems . . . . . . . . 104
6.3 Basic Concepts in Group Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.4 Representation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.4.1 Matrix Representations of Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.4.2 Basis Functions of Irreducible Representations . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.5 Symmetry Properties
of Schr¡§odinger¡¯s Equation and Maxwell¡¯s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.6 Consequences of Lattice Periodicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.7 Electronic Band Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.7.1 Compatibility Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.7.2 Symmetry-Adapted Basis Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.8 Discussion of Photonic Band Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.8.1 Assignment of the IRs to the Photonic Band Structure . . . 120
6.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Table of Contents IX
Part II Simulation from Nanoscopic Systems
to Macroscopic Materials
7 From the Cluster to the Liquid:
Ab-Initio Calculations on Realistic Systems
Based on First-Principles Molecular Dynamics
C. Massobrio, M. Celino, Y. Pouillon, I.M.L. Billas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.2 Theoretical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.2.1 First-Principles Molecular Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.2.2 Details of Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.3 Selected Applications to Clusters and Disordered Systems . . . . . . 135
7.3.1 CuOn Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.3.2 Si-Doped Heterofullerenes C59Si and C58Si2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.3.3 Disordered Network-Forming Materials: Liquid SiSe2 . . . . . 146
7.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8 Magnetism, Structure and Interactions at the Atomic Scale
V.S. Stepanyuk, W. Hergert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
8.2 Theoretical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.2.1 Calculation of Electronic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.2.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.3 Magnetic Properties of Nanostructures on Metallic Surfaces . . . . . 163
8.3.1 Metamagnetic States of 3d Nanostructures
on the Cu(001)Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.3.2 Mixed Co-Cu Clusters on Cu(001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8.3.3 Effect of Atomic Relaxations on Magnetic Properties
of Adatoms and Small Clusters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8.4 Quantum Interference and Interatomic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
8.5 Strain and Stress on the Mesoscale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.5.1 The Concept of Mesoscopic Misfit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.5.2 Strain and Adatom Motion on Mesoscopic Islands . . . . . . . 172
8.5.3 Mesoscopic Relaxation in Homoepitaxial Growth . . . . . . . . 172
9 Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Biology, Chemistry
and Physics
P. Entel, W.A. Adeagbo, M. Sugihara, G. Rollmann, A.T. Zayak,
M. Kreth, K. Kadau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
9.1 Molecular Dynamics as a Multidisciplinary Numerical Tool . . . . . 177
9.2 Simulation of Biochemical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Liquid Water . . . . . . . . 181
9.2.2 Simulation of ¦Â-Cyclodextrin-Binaphtyl and Water . . . . . 187
9.2.3 Simulation of Bovine Rhodopsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
X Table of Contents
9.3 Simulation of Chemical Reactions in the Gas Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
9.4 Simulation of Structural Transformations in Solids and Particles . 196
9.4.1 Simulation of the Phase Diagram
of Fe-Ni and Ni-Mn-Ga Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
9.4.2 Simulation of the Structural Transformation
in Fe-Ni Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
9.4.3 Simulation of the Melting of Al Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
10 Computational Materials Science with Materials Studio:
Applications in Catalysis
M.E. Grillo, J.W. Andzelm, N. Govind, G. Fitzgerald, K.B. Stark . . . . 207
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
10.2 Geometry Optimization in Delocalised Internal Coordinates . . . . 208
10.3 Transition State Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
10.4 Transition State Confirmation Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
10.5 Chemical Bonding and Elastic Properties
of Corundum-Type Oxides: The Rhodium Oxide Case . . . . . . . . . 217
10.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
11 Integration of Modelling
at Various Length and Time Scales
S. McGrother, G. Goldbeck-Wood, Y.M. Lam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
11.2 Structure-Activity and Structure-Property Approaches . . . . . . . . . 225
11.3 Atomistic and Mesoscale Simulations and Their Parameterisation 225
11.3.1 Atomistic Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
11.3.2 Mesoscale Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
11.3.3 Applications of Mesoscale Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
11.4 Multiscale Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
11.4.1 From the Molecular to the Mesoscale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
11.4.2 From Mesoscale to Finite Element Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . 231
11.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
12 Simulation of the Material Behavior
from the Engineering Point of View ¨C Classical Approaches
and New Trends
H. Altenbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
12.2 Principles of Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
12.3 Phenomenological Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
12.4 Classical and Nonclassical Material Behavior Models . . . . . . . . . . . 244
12.5 Analysis of Thin-Walled Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Table of Contents XI
Part III Modern Methods of Scientific Computing
13 Parallel Implementation Strategies for Algorithms
from Scientific Computing
T. Rauber, G. R¡§unger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
13.2 A Short Introduction to MPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
13.3 Modeling the Execution Time of MPI Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
13.4 Example: Solving Systems of Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
13.4.1 Standard Iterative Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
13.4.2 Sparse Iteration Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
13.4.3 Red-Black Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
13.5 Task and Data Parallel Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
13.5.1 Overview of the Tlib Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
13.5.2 Example: Strassen Matrix Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
14 Multi-Grid Methods ¨C An Introduction
G. Wittum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
14.1.1 Historical Overview and Introduction
to Multi-Grid Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
14.1.2 Additive Multigrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
14.2 Convergence Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
14.2.1 General Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
14.2.2 The Smoothing Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
14.2.3 Approximation Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
14.3 Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
14.3.1 Robustness for Anisotropic Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
14.3.2 Robustness for Convection-Diffusion Problems . . . . . . . . . . 302
14.4 Treatment of Systems of PDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
14.5 Adaptive Multigrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
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