Fundamentals of magnesium alloy metallurgy
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Contents
1 Primary production of magnesium 1
R. NEELAMEGGHAM, IND LLC, USA
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Raw materials and production methods 3
1.3 Chemistry of extraction of magnesium from raw material 7
1.4 Fused salt electrolysis 11
1.5 Impurity removal chemistry in thermal processing 12
1.6 Process equipment 15
1.7 Melting, refi ning and casting magnesium 21
1.8 Magnesium alloy powder 23
1.9 Future trends 24
1.10 Conclusion 27
1.11 References 27
2 Physical metallurgy of magnesium 33
A. A. KAYA, Mugla University, Turkey
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Crystal structure and its consequences 34
2.3 Plastic deformation behaviour of magnesium and its alloys 41
2.4 Critical resolved shear stress (CRSS), slip and twinning 42
2.5 Fatigue behaviour 49
2.6 Creep behaviour 52
2.7 Recrystallization and grain growth 66
2.8 Future trends 73
2.9 References 73
Contents
vi Contents
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
3 Thermodynamic properties of magnesium alloys 85
S. L. SHANGand Z. K. LIU, Pennsylvania State
University, USA
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Fundamentals of thermodynamics 86
3.3 Thermodynamic properties of Mg alloys and compounds 92
3.4 First-principles thermodynamics of Mg alloys
and compounds 96
3.5 Future trends 115
3.6 Acknowledgements 116
3.7 References 116
4 Understanding precipitation processes in
magnesium alloys 125
C. L. MENDIS, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany
(formerly of National Institute for Materials Science, Japan)
and K. HONO, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan
4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution 126
4.3 Precipitation hardening magnesium based alloy systems 138
4.4 Role of precipitation hardening in the development
of high strength magnesium alloys 145
4.5 Conclusions and future trends 146
4.6 Sources of further information and advice 148
4.7 References 148
5 Alloying behavior of magnesium and alloy design 152
M. PEKGULERYUZ, McGill University, Canada
5.1 Introduction 152
5.2 Alloy design: solid solution alloying of magnesium 153
5.3 Alloy design: compound formation in magnesium alloys 161
5.4 The effects of second phases on the mechanical
behavior of magnesium 173
5.5 Alloying with surface-active elements 177
5.6 Alloying elements and their effects 184
5.7 Summary: magnesium alloy design to enhance properties 187
5.8 References 189
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
6 Forming of magnesium and its alloys 197
M.R. BARNETT, Deakin University, Australia
6.1 Introduction 197
6.2 Testing for formability 199
6.3 Deformation mechanisms and formability 200
6.4 Yield characteristics and drawability 205
6.5 Work hardening and stretching 212
6.6 Failure strain behaviour, compression, rolling
and bending 217
6.7 Superplastic deformation and hot forming 223
6.8 Hot cracking and extrusion 224
6.9 Conclusions: key issues affecting the formability
of magnesium 225
6.10 Future trends 226
6.11 References 226
7 Corrosion and surface finishing of magnesium
and its alloys 232
S. BENDER, iLF Institut f ¨¹ r Lacke und Farben e.V,
Germany, J. G Ö LLNER, Otto von-Guericke University
of Magdeburg, Germany, A. HEYN, Federal Institue for
Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany,
C. BLAWERTand P. BALASRINIVASAN, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Geesthacht, Germany
7.1 Introduction 232
7.2 Magnesium corrosion in aqueous media 233
7.3 Surface fi nishing 242
7.4 Implications for improving corrosion resistance
and future trends 256
7.5 Conclusions 257
7.6 References 258
8 Applications: aerospace, automotive and
other structural applications of magnesium 266
A. A. LUO, General Motors Global Research &
Development, USA
8.1 Introduction 266
8.2 Material properties 267
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
8.3 Alloy development 274
8.4 Manufacturing process development 282
8.5 Aerospace applications 287
8.6 Automotive applications 289
8.7 Other applications 301
8.8 Future trends 303
8.9 Acknowledgements 310
8.10 References 310
9 Applications: magnesium-based metal matrix
composites ( MMCs ) 317
H. DIERINGA, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany
9.1 Introduction 317
9.2 Reinforcements for magnesium metal matrix
composites (MMCs) 318
9.3 Processing of magnesium composites 323
9.4 Interfaces, wetting and compatibility 326
9.5 Properties of magnesium-based MMCs 328
9.6 Conclusions and future trends 339
9.7 References 339
10 Applications: use of magnesium in medical
applications 342
F. WITTE, Hannover Medical School, Germany
10.1 Introduction to biodegradable implants based on metals 342
10.2 Fundamental concepts of biodegradation 345
10.3 Magnesium-based biodegradable metals 348
10.4 Recent research and future product development 350
10.5 Sources of further information and advice 352
10.6 References 353
10.7 Appendix: list of abbreviations 355
Index 357 |